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Subsequent observations of Neptune in the late 19th century led astronomers to speculate that Uranus's orbit was being disturbed by another planet besides Neptune. In the 1840s, Urbain Le Verrier used Newtonian mechanics to predict the position of the then-undiscovered planet Neptune after analyzing perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. In September 2016, astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins, organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life, and produced from methane, nitrogen, and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred 19,000 km (12,000 mi) to the orbiting moon. During its brief flyby, New Horizons made detailed measurements and observations of Pluto and its moons. The New Horizons spacecraft performed a flyby of Pluto on July 14, 2015, becoming the first and, to date, only spacecraft to do so. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body. Pluto has five known moons: Charon (the largest, whose diameter is just over half that of Pluto), Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. As a result, light from the Sun takes 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU ). Still, a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding. Therefore, Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune. It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit, ranging from 30 to 49 astronomical units (4.5 to 7.3 billion kilometers 2.8 to 4.6 billion miles) from the Sun. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small-one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume.
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It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris. Pluto is the ninth-largest and tenth-most- massive known object directly orbiting the Sun. However, beginning in the 1990s, its status as a planet was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc, including the dwarf planet Eris, leading the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 to define the term planet formally-excluding Pluto and reclassifying it as a dwarf planet. It was the first object discovered in the Kuiper belt and remains the largest known body in that area.Īfter Pluto was discovered in 1930, it was declared the ninth planet from the Sun. Pluto ( minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto compared in size to the Earth and Moon